Early Years of the Physical Review
100 Years of the American Physical Society
To Advance and Diffuse the Knowledge of Physics will be on exhibit in its entirety at the National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST) headquarters in Gaithersburg, MD through the end of 1999. Visitors are welcome.
Early Years of the Physical Review
The founding of the Physical Review predates that of the American Physical Society, although both arose out of the same ferment. In the 1890s, American physicists had no real niche for publishing their research. Editors of the American Journal of Science and Journal of the Franklin Institute cared little for physics. To rectify the problem, three Cornell University scientists established the Physical Review in 1893.
For the first few years, a disproportionate number of papers came from Cornell faculty. Authorship broadened with the journal's takeover by APS in late 1912. Improving standards for research in U.S. laboratories led to a surge in quality. By the 1930s, the Physical Review was unarguably the most important physics journal in the world. Citations to its articles exceeded those to Zeitschrift fur Physik.
Edward L. Nichols, Ernest Merritt, and Frederick Bedell
Founding Editors:
Three Cornell physicists worked as a team to manage the Physical Review for two decades. Nichols was chief among them. As first secretary of APS, Merritt was instrumental in merging the activities of Phys. Rev. and APS.
First Funds
Cornell University appropriated $500 to start Phys. Rev. in 1893. The first budget is shown here.
Rockefeller Hall
Home to the Phys. Rev. editorial offices on the campus of Cornell until 1926.
First Issue
A copy of the first issue of Physical Review: July - August 1893.
From the Early Physical Review: Determination of h in 1916
To verify Einstein's photoelectric effect and determine Planck's constant h, Robert Millikan required very pure materials. He devised a "machine shop in a vacuum" that enabled him to prepare a fresh, uncontaminated surface for every run. [See "Centennial Focus: Millikan's Measurement of Planck's Constant"]
Millikan with Michelson, Kinsley, and Gale,
circa 1910 (at right).
Announcement of the Transfer of the Review to the American Physical Society, PhysRev, January 1913, Vol. 1, No. 1.
The Merger
Money brought people together: In 1902, Phys. Rev. editors convinced APS councillors to let the journal publish meeting abstracts in exchange for $3 per member. These abstracts often represented better physics than that found in the articles. In 1912, when APS considered establishing its own research journal, the editors averted the plan by ceding Phys. Rev. to APS.
What Did We Publish?
Applied science dominated early issues of Phys. Rev., but theoretical discussions were not shunned.
Letter from a 'typical' contributor: Harry W. Fisher complained to Merritt of the pounding steam hammers close by his lab in 1895.
Curator: Sara Schechner Genuth
Gnomon Research Exhibit Director: Barrett Ripin APS History: Harry Lustig Journals History: R. Mark Wilson Researchers: George Trigg
Ruth Kastner
Steven Norton
Amy Halsted Exhibit Design: Puches Design Inc. Fabrication: Malone Displays